labarai

Wataƙila bayan dokar Ohm, doka ta biyu mafi shahara a cikin kayan lantarki ita ce ka'idar Moore: Adadin transistor da za a iya kera akan haɗaɗɗiyar da'irar yana ninka sau biyu a kowace shekara biyu ko makamancin haka.Tunda girman jikin guntu ya kasance kusan iri ɗaya, wannan yana nufin cewa transistor guda ɗaya zai zama ƙarami akan lokaci.Mun fara tsammanin sabon ƙarni na kwakwalwan kwamfuta tare da ƙananan sifofi masu girma don bayyana a cikin sauri na al'ada, amma menene ma'anar yin ƙananan abubuwa?Shin ƙarami koyaushe yana nufin mafi kyau?
A cikin ƙarni da suka shige, injiniyan lantarki ya sami ci gaba sosai.A cikin shekarun 1920s, rediyon AM mafi ci gaba sun ƙunshi bututu da yawa, manyan inductor da yawa, capacitors da resistors, ɗimbin mitoci na wayoyi da ake amfani da su azaman eriya, da manyan batura masu ƙarfi da na'urar gabaɗaya.A yau, zaku iya Sauraron sabis na yawo na kiɗa fiye da dozin akan na'urar da ke cikin aljihun ku, kuma kuna iya yin ƙari.Amma miniaturization ba kawai don ɗaukar hoto ba: yana da matukar mahimmanci don cimma aikin da muke tsammani daga na'urorin mu a yau.
Fa'ida ɗaya bayyananne na ƙananan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa shine suna ba ku damar haɗa ƙarin ayyuka a cikin girma iri ɗaya.Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga da'irori na dijital: ƙarin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa yana nufin zaku iya yin ƙarin aiki a cikin adadin lokaci ɗaya.Misali, a ka’idar, adadin bayanan da na’urar sarrafa kwamfuta 64-bit ke sarrafa ya ninka sau takwas na CPU 8-bit da ke aiki a mitar agogo daya.Amma kuma yana buƙatar abubuwa da yawa sau takwas: rajista, adireshi, bas, da sauransu duk sun fi girma sau takwas.Don haka ko dai kuna buƙatar guntu mai girma sau takwas, ko kuma kuna buƙatar transistor wanda ya ninka sau takwas.
Haka yake ga kwakwalwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya: Ta hanyar yin ƙananan transistor, kuna da ƙarin sararin ajiya a cikin girma iri ɗaya.pixels a mafi yawan nuni a yau an yi su ne da transistors na fim na bakin ciki, don haka yana da ma'ana a rage su da cimma matsaya mafi girma.Duk da haka, ƙananan transistor, mafi kyau, kuma akwai wani dalili mai mahimmanci: aikin su yana inganta sosai.Amma me yasa daidai?
A duk lokacin da ka yi transistor, zai samar da wasu ƙarin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa kyauta.Kowane tasha yana da resistor a jere.Duk wani abu da ke ɗauke da halin yanzu yana da abin da ya motsa kansa.A ƙarshe, akwai capacitance tsakanin kowane madugu biyu suna fuskantar juna.Duk waɗannan tasirin suna cinye ƙarfi kuma suna rage saurin transistor.Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfin parasitic yana da matsala musamman: transistor suna buƙatar caji da fitarwa duk lokacin da aka kunna ko kashe su, wanda ke buƙatar lokaci da na yanzu daga wutar lantarki.
Matsakaicin ƙarfin da ke tsakanin masu gudanarwa guda biyu aiki ne na girman jikinsu: ƙaramin girman yana nufin ƙaramin ƙarfi.Kuma saboda ƙananan capacitors na nufin mafi girma da sauri da ƙananan ƙarfi, ƙananan transistor na iya yin aiki a mafi girma na agogo kuma suna watsar da ƙananan zafi a yin haka.
Yayin da kuke raguwa girman transistor, capacitance ba shine kawai tasirin da ke canzawa ba: akwai abubuwa masu ban mamaki da yawa na inji waɗanda ba a bayyane suke ga manyan na'urori ba.Koyaya, gabaɗaya magana, yin ƙaramin transistor zai sa su sauri.Amma samfuran lantarki sun fi transistor kawai.Lokacin da kuka rage sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, yaya suke yi?
Gabaɗaya magana, abubuwan da ba su da amfani kamar su resistors, capacitors, da inductor ba za su yi kyau ba idan sun ƙarami: ta hanyoyi da yawa, za su yi muni.Saboda haka, da miniaturization na wadannan aka gyara shi ne yafi a iya matsa su a cikin wani karami girma, game da shi ceton PCB sarari.
Ana iya rage girman resistor ba tare da haifar da asara mai yawa ba.Ana ba da juriya na wani abu ta hanyar, inda l shine tsayi, A shine yanki na giciye, kuma ρ shine tsayayyar abu.Kuna iya kawai rage tsayi da sashin giciye, kuma ku ƙare tare da ƙaramin resistor na zahiri, amma har yanzu kuna da juriya iri ɗaya.Babban hasara kawai shine lokacin da ake watsar da wutar lantarki iri ɗaya, ƙananan resistors na zahiri zasu haifar da ƙarin zafi fiye da manyan resistors.Saboda haka, ƙananan resistors za a iya amfani da su kawai a cikin ƙananan da'irori.Wannan tebur yana nuna yadda matsakaicin ƙimar ƙarfin ƙarfin SMD ke raguwa yayin da girman su ya ragu.
A yau, ƙaramin resistor da zaku iya siya shine ma'auni 03015 girman (0.3 mm x 0.15 mm).Ƙarfin da aka ƙididdige su shine kawai 20mW kuma ana amfani da su ne kawai don da'irori waɗanda ke ɓatar da ƙarfi kaɗan kuma suna da iyakacin iyaka.An fito da ƙaramin kunshin metric 0201 (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm), amma har yanzu ba a sanya shi cikin samarwa ba.Amma ko da sun bayyana a cikin kasida na masana'anta, kada ku yi tsammanin za su kasance a ko'ina: yawancin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto da kuma sanya su ba su dace da yadda za su iya sarrafa su ba, don haka har yanzu suna iya zama samfura masu kyau.
Capacitors kuma za a iya rage su, amma wannan zai rage karfin su.Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na capacitance na shunt capacitor shine, inda A shine yanki na hukumar, d shine nisa tsakanin su, kuma ε shine dielectric akai-akai (dukiyar kayan tsaka-tsakin).Idan capacitor (ainihin na'ura mai lebur) an rage girmansa, dole ne a rage yankin, ta yadda za a rage karfin.Idan har yanzu kuna son tattara nafara mai yawa a cikin ƙaramin ƙarami, zaɓi ɗaya kawai shine ku tara layuka da yawa tare.Saboda ci gaba a cikin kayan da masana'antu, waɗanda kuma sun yi fina-finai na bakin ciki (kananan d) da dielectrics na musamman (tare da ya fi girma ε) mai yiwuwa, girman capacitors ya ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.
Mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin da ake samu a yau yana cikin fakitin ƙarami metric 0201: kawai 0.25 mm x 0.125 mm.Matsakaicin ƙarfin su yana iyakance ga 100 nF mai amfani har yanzu, kuma matsakaicin ƙarfin aiki shine 6.3 V. Hakanan, waɗannan fakitin ƙanana ne kuma suna buƙatar kayan aiki na ci gaba don ɗaukar su, yana iyakance karɓuwar su.
Ga inductor, labarin yana da ɗan wayo.Ana ba da inductance na madaidaiciyar coil ta, inda N shine adadin juyi, A shine yanki na yanki na coil, l shine tsayinsa, kuma μ shine madaidaicin abu (permeability).Idan an rage duk girman da rabi, inductance kuma za a rage da rabi.Duk da haka, juriya na waya ya kasance iri ɗaya: wannan shi ne saboda tsayin da kuma ɓangaren giciye na waya an rage zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa hudu na ainihin darajarsa.Wannan yana nufin cewa kun ƙare da juriya iri ɗaya a cikin rabin inductance, don haka kuna rage rabin ingancin (Q) na nada.
Inductor mafi ƙarancin samuwa na kasuwanci yana ɗaukar girman inch 01005 (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm).Waɗannan sun kai 56 nH kuma suna da juriya na 'yan ohms.An fito da inductor a cikin kunshin 0201 mai ƙarami a cikin 2014, amma a fili ba a taɓa gabatar da su ga kasuwa ba.
An warware iyakokin jiki na inductor ta hanyar amfani da wani abu mai suna dynamic inductance, wanda za'a iya lura da shi a cikin coils da aka yi da graphene.Amma duk da haka, idan ana iya kera ta ta hanyar kasuwanci, yana iya karuwa da kashi 50%.A ƙarshe, ba za a iya rage girman coil ɗin da kyau ba.Koyaya, idan da'irar ku tana aiki a manyan mitoci, wannan ba lallai bane matsala.Idan siginar ku yana cikin kewayon GHz, ƴan coils nH yawanci sun isa.
Wannan ya kawo mu ga wani abu da aka ɗan rage a cikin ƙarni da suka gabata amma mai yiwuwa ba za ku lura nan da nan ba: tsayin daka da muke amfani da shi don sadarwa.Watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na farko sun yi amfani da mitar AM mai matsakaicin raƙuman ruwa na kusan 1 MHz tare da tsawon kusan mita 300.Rukunin mitar FM da ke tsakiya a 100 MHz ko 3 mita ya zama sananne a cikin shekarun 1960, kuma a yau muna amfani da sadarwar 4G a kusa da 1 ko 2 GHz (kimanin 20 cm).Maɗaukakin mitoci na nufin ƙarin ƙarfin watsa bayanai.Saboda miniaturization ne muke da rahusa arha, abin dogaro kuma masu ceton makamashi waɗanda ke aiki akan waɗannan mitoci.
Rage tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa na iya raguwar eriya saboda girmansu yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mitar da suke buƙata don aikawa ko karɓa.Wayoyin hannu na yau ba sa buƙatar eriya masu tsayi masu tsayi, saboda sadaukarwar sadarwar da suke yi a mitocin GHz, wanda eriya ke buƙatar tsayin kusan centimita ɗaya kawai.Wannan ne ya sa galibin wayoyin hannu wadanda har yanzu suna dauke da na’urorin FM suna bukatar ka toshe belun kunne kafin amfani da su: rediyon na bukatar amfani da wayar kunne a matsayin eriya domin samun isasshen karfin sigina daga wadannan igiyoyin ruwa masu tsayin mita daya.
Dangane da da'irori da ke da alaƙa da ƙananan eriyanmu, idan sun yi ƙanƙanta, a zahiri suna zama da sauƙi don yin su.Wannan ba kawai saboda transistor sun yi sauri ba, har ma saboda tasirin layin watsawa ba batun bane.A takaice, lokacin da tsayin waya ya wuce kashi ɗaya cikin goma na tsawon zangon, kuna buƙatar la'akari da canjin lokaci tare da tsawonsa lokacin zayyana kewayawa.A 2.4 GHz, wannan yana nufin cewa santimita ɗaya kawai na waya ya shafi kewayen ku;idan ka solder hankali sassa tare, yana da ciwon kai, amma idan ka shimfiɗa da'irar a kan 'yan square millimeters, ba matsala.
Hasashen mutuwar Dokar Moore, ko nuna cewa waɗannan hasashen ba daidai ba ne akai-akai, ya zama jigo mai maimaitawa a aikin jarida na kimiyya da fasaha.Gaskiyar ita ce Intel, Samsung, da TSMC, masu fafatawa uku waɗanda har yanzu ke kan gaba a wasan, suna ci gaba da damfara ƙarin fasali a kowace murabba'in micrometer, kuma suna shirin gabatar da ƙarni da yawa na ingantattun kwakwalwan kwamfuta a nan gaba.Ko da yake ci gaban da suka samu a kowane mataki na iya zama bai kai shekaru ashirin da suka gabata ba, ana ci gaba da ƙara ƙarar transistor.
Koyaya, don ɓangarorin masu hankali, muna da alama mun kai iyaka na halitta: ƙarami ba ya inganta aikin su, kuma ƙananan abubuwan da ake samu a halin yanzu sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da yawancin lokuta masu amfani.Da alama babu Dokar Moore don na'urori masu hankali, amma idan akwai Dokar Moore, za mu so mu ga yadda mutum ɗaya zai iya tura ƙalubalen siyarwar SMD.
A koyaushe ina son daukar hoton resistor PTH da na yi amfani da shi a shekarun 1970s, in dora SMD resistor a kai, kamar yadda nake musaya a ciki/fita yanzu.Burina shi ne in sanya ’yan’uwana (babu ɗaya daga cikin su na lantarki) nawa canjin canji, har da na iya ganin sassan aikina, (yayin da ganina ke ƙara tsananta, hannayena suna ƙara rawar jiki).
Ina so in ce, tare ne ko a'a.Ina ƙin gaske "inganta, samun kyau."Wani lokaci shimfidawar ku tana aiki da kyau, amma ba za ku iya samun sassa ba.Menene jahannama haka?.Kyakkyawan ra'ayi shine kyakkyawan ra'ayi, kuma yana da kyau a kiyaye shi kamar yadda yake, maimakon inganta shi ba tare da dalili ba.Gantt
"Gaskiyar ta kasance cewa kamfanoni uku na Intel, Samsung da TSMC har yanzu suna fafatawa a kan gaba a wannan wasan, suna ci gaba da fitar da ƙarin fasali a kowace murabba'in mita."
Abubuwan lantarki suna da girma kuma suna da tsada.A cikin 1971, matsakaicin iyali yana da radiyo kaɗan kawai, sitiriyo da TV.A shekara ta 1976, kwamfutoci, na'urori masu ƙididdigewa, agogon dijital da agogo sun fito, waɗanda ƙananan kuma ba su da tsada ga masu amfani.
Wasu miniaturization sun zo daga ƙira.Amplifiers na aiki suna ba da damar amfani da gyrators, wanda zai iya maye gurbin manyan inductor a wasu lokuta.Tace masu aiki kuma suna kawar da inductors.
Abubuwan da suka fi girma suna haɓaka wasu abubuwa: rage girman da’ira, wato, ƙoƙarin yin amfani da ƴan abubuwan da suka rage don yin aikin da’ira.A yau, ba mu damu sosai ba.Kuna buƙatar wani abu don juya siginar?Ɗauki amplifier mai aiki.Kuna buƙatar injin jiha?Ɗauki mpu.da sauransu. Abubuwan da aka gyara a yau suna da ƙananan gaske, amma a zahiri akwai abubuwa da yawa a ciki.Don haka ainihin girman kewayenku yana ƙaruwa kuma amfani yana ƙaruwa.Transistor da ake amfani da shi don juyar da sigina yana amfani da ƙarancin ƙarfi don cim ma aiki iri ɗaya fiye da amplifier mai aiki.Amma kuma, miniaturization zai kula da amfani da wutar lantarki.Kawai dai bidi’a ta tafi ta wata hanya ta daban.
Da gaske kun rasa wasu manyan fa'idodi/dalili na raguwar girman: raguwar fakitin parasitic da ƙara ƙarfin sarrafa ƙarfi (wanda alama ba ta dace ba).
Daga ra'ayi mai amfani, da zarar girman fasalin ya kai kusan 0.25u, zaku isa matakin GHz, lokacin da babban kunshin SOP ya fara haifar da sakamako mafi girma.Dogayen wayoyi masu haɗawa da waɗancan jagororin za su kashe ku a ƙarshe.
A wannan gaba, fakitin QFN/BGA sun inganta sosai dangane da aiki.Bugu da kari, lokacin da kuka hau fakitin lebur kamar wannan, zaku ƙare da *mahimmanci* mafi kyawun aikin zafi da fayafai.
Bugu da ƙari, Intel, Samsung, da TSMC tabbas za su taka muhimmiyar rawa, amma ASML na iya zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin wannan jerin.Tabbas, wannan ba zai shafi muryar da ba ta dace ba…
Ba wai kawai game da rage farashin silicon ta hanyar nodes na gaba-gaba ba.Wasu abubuwa, kamar jakunkuna.Ƙananan fakiti suna buƙatar ƙarancin kayan aiki da wcsp ko ma ƙasa da haka.Ƙananan fakiti, ƙananan PCBs ko kayayyaki, da sauransu.
Sau da yawa ina ganin wasu samfuran kasida, inda kawai abin tuƙi shine rage farashi.Girman MHz/Memory iri ɗaya ne, aikin SOC da tsarin fil iri ɗaya ne.Za mu iya amfani da sababbin fasahohi don rage amfani da wutar lantarki (yawanci wannan ba kyauta ba ne, don haka dole ne a sami wasu fa'idodin gasa waɗanda abokan ciniki ke kula da su)
Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin manyan abubuwa shine kayan anti-radiation.Ƙananan transistor sun fi dacewa da tasirin hasken sararin samaniya, a cikin wannan muhimmin yanayi.Misali, a sararin samaniya da ma wuraren kallo masu tsayi.
Ban ga wani babban dalilin karuwar saurin ba.Gudun siginar yana kusan inci 8 a kowane nanosecond.Don haka kawai ta hanyar rage girman, kwakwalwan kwamfuta mai sauri yana yiwuwa.
Kuna iya bincika ilimin lissafin ku ta hanyar ƙididdige bambancin jinkirin yaduwa saboda canje-canjen marufi da rage hawan keke (1/mitoci).Wato rage jinkiri/lokacin ƙungiyoyi.Za ka ga cewa ba ya ma bayyana a matsayin abin zagaye.
Abu daya da nake so in ƙara shine yawancin ICs, musamman tsofaffin ƙira da kwakwalwan kwamfuta na analog, ba a rage girman su ba, aƙalla a ciki.Saboda haɓakawa a masana'antar sarrafa kansa, fakitin sun zama ƙanana, amma saboda fakitin DIP yawanci suna da sauran sarari a ciki, ba saboda transistor da sauransu sun zama ƙarami ba.
Baya ga matsalar sanya mutum-mutumin daidaitaccen abin da zai iya sarrafa kananan kayan masarufi a cikin aikace-aikacen karba-da-wuri mai sauri, wani batun kuma shine dogaro da kananun abubuwan walda.Musamman ma lokacin da har yanzu kuna buƙatar manyan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa saboda buƙatun iko/ ƙarfin aiki.Yin amfani da manna solder na musamman, samfuri na liƙa na musamman na matakin solder (a yi amfani da ɗan ƙaramin adadin solder a inda ake buƙata, amma duk da haka samar da isassun man siyar don manyan abubuwa) ya fara tsada sosai.Don haka ina tsammanin akwai tudun ruwa, kuma ƙara ƙaranci a matakin hukumar da'ira hanya ce mai tsada kuma mai yiwuwa.A wannan gaba, zaku iya yin ƙarin haɗin kai a matakin wafer silicon kuma sauƙaƙe adadin abubuwan da aka tsara zuwa mafi ƙarancin ƙima.
Za ku ga wannan a wayar ku.A wajen 1995, na sayi wasu wayoyin hannu na farko a cikin tallace-tallacen gareji kan 'yan daloli kowanne.Yawancin ICs suna cikin rami.Gane CPU da NE570 compander, babban sake amfani da IC.
Sannan na gama da wasu sabbin wayoyi masu hannu.Akwai kaɗan kaɗan kuma kusan babu abin da aka sani.A cikin ƙaramin adadin ICs, ba kawai yawan yawa ya fi girma ba, amma kuma an karɓi sabon ƙira (duba SDR), wanda ke kawar da mafi yawan abubuwan da suka dace waɗanda ba dole ba ne a baya.
> (Ai amfani da ɗan ƙaramin manna mai siyarwa a inda ake buƙata, amma har yanzu samar da isassun manna don manyan abubuwa)
Hey, na yi tunanin samfurin "3D/Wave" don magance wannan matsala: mafi ƙanƙanta inda ƙananan abubuwan da aka gyara suke, kuma mafi girma inda wutar lantarki take.
A zamanin yau, abubuwan SMT suna da ƙanƙanta sosai, zaku iya amfani da ainihin abubuwan da suka dace (ba 74xx da sauran sharar gida ba) don tsara CPU naku da buga shi akan PCB.Yayyafa shi da LED, zaka iya ganin yana aiki a ainihin lokacin.
A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, hakika ina godiya da saurin ci gaba na hadaddun da ƙananan sassa.Suna ba da babban ci gaba, amma a lokaci guda suna ƙara sabon matakin rikitarwa ga tsarin juzu'i na samfuri.
Saurin daidaitawa da saurin kwaikwaiyo na da'irorin analog yana da sauri fiye da abin da kuke yi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.Yayin da mitar da'irori na dijital ke tashi, PCB ya zama wani ɓangare na taron.Misali, tasirin layin watsawa, jinkirin yadawa.Samfuran duk wani fasaha mai yankewa ya fi dacewa don kammala ƙira daidai, maimakon yin gyare-gyare a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Dangane da abubuwan sha'awa, kimantawa.Allolin kewayawa da na'urori sune mafita ga raguwar abubuwan da aka gyara da na'urorin gwaji kafin gwaji.
Wannan na iya sa abubuwa su rasa "fun", amma ina tsammanin samun aikin ku don yin aiki a karon farko na iya zama mafi ma'ana saboda aiki ko abubuwan sha'awa.
Na kasance ina canza wasu ƙira daga ramuka zuwa SMD.Yi samfura masu rahusa, amma ba abin daɗi ba ne gina samfuri da hannu.Kuskure ɗaya ɗaya: "wuri mai layi daya" yakamata a karanta shi azaman "launi ɗaya".
A'a. Bayan da tsarin ya yi nasara, har ila yau masanan binciken kayan tarihi za su ruɗe da bincikensa.Wanene ya sani, watakila a cikin karni na 23, Planetary Alliance zai ɗauki sabon tsarin…
Ba zan iya ƙara yarda ba.Menene girman 0603?Tabbas, kiyaye 0603 a matsayin girman sarki da "kira" girman ma'auni na 0603 0604 (ko 0602) ba shi da wahala haka, koda kuwa yana iya zama kuskure a fasaha (watau: girman daidai da girman-ba haka ba) ta wata hanya.Tsanani), amma aƙalla kowa zai san abin da fasaha kuke magana akai (metric/mperial)!
"Gaba ɗaya magana, abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su kamar resistors, capacitors, da inductor ba za su yi kyau ba idan kun sanya su ƙarami."