labarai

Na gode don ziyartar Nature. Sigar burauzar da kuke amfani da ita tana da iyakataccen tallafi ga CSS. Don ƙwarewa mafi kyau, muna ba da shawarar ku yi amfani da sabon sigar mai binciken (ko kashe yanayin dacewa a cikin Internet Explorer).A lokaci guda. , don tabbatar da ci gaba da goyon baya, za mu nuna shafuka ba tare da salo da JavaScript ba.
Additives da ƙananan zafin jiki bugu matakai na iya haɗawa daban-daban masu amfani da wutar lantarki da na'urorin lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki a kan masu sassaucin ra'ayi a ƙananan farashi.Duk da haka, samar da cikakkun tsarin lantarki daga waɗannan na'urori yawanci yana buƙatar na'urorin lantarki don canzawa tsakanin nau'ikan wutar lantarki daban-daban na aiki. da na'urorin.Passive sassa-inductor, capacitors, da resistors-yi ayyuka kamar tacewa, gajeren lokaci makamashi ajiya, da kuma ƙarfin lantarki ma'auni, wanda yake da muhimmanci a cikin ikon lantarki da sauran aikace-aikace.A cikin wannan labarin, mun gabatar da inductors, capacitors, resistors da RLC da'irori allon-buga a kan m filastik substrates, da kuma bayar da rahoton tsarin zane don rage girman juriya na inductor domin su iya amfani da wutar lantarki na'urorin .The buga inductor da resistor aka sa'an nan kunsa a cikin boost regulator circuit.Manufacture na Organic haske-emitting diodes da kuma m lithium-ion baturi. Ana amfani da masu kula da wutar lantarki don kunna diodes daga baturi, suna nuna yuwuwar bugu na abubuwan da ba za a iya amfani da su ba don maye gurbin abubuwan hawa dutsen na gargajiya a aikace-aikacen sauya DC-DC.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an haɓaka aikace-aikacen na'urori masu sassauƙa daban-daban a cikin sawa da manyan samfuran lantarki da Intanet na Abubuwa1,2.Wadannan sun haɗa da na'urorin girbin makamashi, irin su photovoltaic 3, piezoelectric 4, da thermoelectric 5; na'urorin ajiyar makamashi, kamar batura 6, 7; da na'urori masu amfani da wutar lantarki, irin su firikwensin 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, da hanyoyin haske 13. Ko da yake an sami babban ci gaba a cikin maɓuɓɓugar makamashi da lodi, haɗa waɗannan abubuwan cikin cikakken tsarin lantarki yawanci yana buƙatar wutar lantarki don amfani da wutar lantarki. shawo kan duk wani rashin daidaituwa tsakanin halayen samar da wutar lantarki da buƙatun kaya.Misali, baturi yana haifar da wutar lantarki mai canzawa gwargwadon yanayin cajinsa.Idan nauyin yana buƙatar ƙarfin lantarki akai-akai, ko sama da ƙarfin da baturi zai iya samarwa, ana buƙatar na'urorin lantarki. .Power lantarki yana amfani da kayan aiki masu aiki (transistors) don yin sauyawa da ayyuka masu sarrafawa, da kuma abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su ba (inductor, capacitors, da resistors) .Misali, a cikin kewayawa mai daidaitawa, ana amfani da inductor don adana makamashi yayin kowane zagaye na sauyawa. , Ana amfani da capacitor don rage ƙarfin wutar lantarki, kuma ana yin ma'aunin ƙarfin lantarki da ake buƙata don sarrafa ra'ayi ta hanyar amfani da mai rarraba resistor.
Na'urorin lantarki masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka dace da na'urori masu sawa (kamar pulse oximeter 9) suna buƙatar volts da yawa da milliamps da yawa, yawanci suna aiki a cikin kewayon mitar ɗaruruwan kHz zuwa MHz da yawa, kuma suna buƙatar μH da yawa da inductance μH da yawa kuma The capacitance μF shine 14 bi da bi.The gargajiya Hanyar Manufacturing wadannan da'irori ne don solder discrete aka gyara zuwa wani m buga kewaye hukumar (PCB) .Ko da yake da aiki aka gyara na ikon lantarki da'irori yawanci a hade cikin guda silicon hadedde kewaye (IC), m aka gyara yawanci yawanci waje, ko dai ƙyale da'irori na al'ada, ko saboda inductance da ƙarfin da ake buƙata sun yi yawa don aiwatar da su a cikin silicon.
Idan aka kwatanta da na gargajiya PCB-tushen fasaha fasaha, da masana'antu na lantarki na'urorin da da'irori ta hanyar ƙari bugu tsari yana da yawa abũbuwan amfãni cikin sharuddan sauki da kuma cost.First, tun da yawa sassa na kewaye bukatar wannan kayan, kamar karafa ga lambobin sadarwa. da interconnections, bugu damar mahara aka gyara da za a kerarre a lokaci guda, tare da in mun gwada ƴan aiki matakai da kuma m tushen kayan15.A amfani da ƙari matakai maye gurbin subtractive matakai kamar photolithography da etching kara rage aiwatar da rikitarwa da kuma kayan sharar gida16, 17, 18, da 19. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan yanayin zafi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin bugu sun dace da masu sassaucin ra'ayi mai sauƙi da maras tsada, suna ba da damar yin amfani da matakan ƙirar ƙira mai sauri don rufe na'urorin lantarki 16, 20 a kan manyan wurare. Domin aikace-aikace wanda ba za a iya cika cikakke tare da bugu aka gyara, matasan hanyoyin da aka ɓullo da a cikin abin da surface Dutsen fasahar (SMT) aka haɗa zuwa m substrates 21, 22, 23 kusa da buga aka gyara a low yanayin zafi. A cikin wannan matasan m, shi ne har yanzu. ya zama dole don maye gurbin yawancin abubuwan SMT da yawa tare da takwarorinsu da aka buga don samun fa'idodin ƙarin matakai da haɓaka haɓakar yanayin kewayawa gabaɗaya.Domin gane ikon lantarki mai sassauƙa, mun ba da shawarar haɗuwa da abubuwan da ke aiki na SMT da kuma bugu na allo. aka gyara, tare da musamman girmamawa a kan maye gurbin ƙato SMT inductors tare da planar karkace inductors.Among daban-daban fasahar for Manufacturing buga Electronics, allon bugu ne musamman dace da m aka gyara saboda ta babban fim kauri (wanda ya zama dole don rage girman juriya na karfe fasali). ) da kuma saurin bugu, ko da an rufe wuraren da ke matakin centimita Haka abin yake a wasu lokuta.Material 24.
Dole ne a rage girman asarar abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su na kayan aiki na lantarki ba, saboda ingancin da'irar kai tsaye yana rinjayar adadin kuzarin da ake buƙata don sarrafa tsarin.Wannan yana da kalubale musamman ga inductor da aka buga wanda ya hada da dogon coils, wanda saboda haka yana da saukin kamuwa da babban jerin. juriya.Saboda haka, ko da yake an yi wasu ƙoƙarin don rage juriya 25, 26, 27, 28 na coils ɗin da aka buga, har yanzu akwai rashin ingantaccen kayan aikin bugu na na'urorin lantarki. Har zuwa yau, mutane da yawa sun ba da rahoton buga m An tsara abubuwan da aka gyara akan ma'auni masu sassauƙa don yin aiki a cikin da'irori masu ƙarfi don tantance mitar rediyo (RFID) ko dalilai na girbi makamashi 10, 12, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Wasu suna mai da hankali kan ci gaban kayan aiki ko masana'antu da kuma nuna abubuwan da suka dace. 26, 32, 33, 34 waɗanda ba a inganta su ba don takamaiman aikace-aikace.A bambanci, ikon lantarki da'irori kamar ƙarfin lantarki masu kula da wutar lantarki sau da yawa amfani da manyan sassa fiye da na al'ada buga m na'urorin kuma ba sa bukatar resonance, don haka daban-daban sassa ake bukata.
Anan, muna gabatar da ƙira da haɓakawa na inductor da aka buga a cikin kewayon μH don cimma mafi ƙarancin juriya da babban aiki a mitoci masu alaƙa da lantarki. a kan m roba substrates.The dacewa da wadannan sassa na m kayan lantarki da aka fara nuna a cikin wani sauki RLC circuit.The buga inductor da resistor an haɗa su tare da IC don samar da wani boost regulator.A ƙarshe, wani kwayoyin haske-emitting diode (OLED). ) kuma ana ƙera baturin lithium-ion mai sassauƙa, kuma ana amfani da mai sarrafa wutar lantarki don kunna OLED daga baturin.
Domin zana inductor da aka buga don na'urorin lantarki, mun fara annabta haɓakar inductance da juriya na DC na jerin geometries inductor dangane da samfurin takardar na yanzu da aka gabatar a Mohan et al. 35, da kuma ƙirƙira inductor na geometries daban-daban don tabbatar da daidaiton samfurin.A cikin wannan aikin, an zaɓi siffar madauwari don inductor saboda za a iya samun mafi girman inductance 36 tare da ƙananan juriya idan aka kwatanta da geometry na polygon. Tasirin tawada. nau'in da adadin bugu akan juriya an ƙaddara.An yi amfani da waɗannan sakamakon tare da samfurin ammeter don tsara 4.7 μH da 7.8 μH inductor da aka inganta don ƙananan juriya na DC.
A inductance da DC juriya na karkace inductor za a iya kwatanta ta da yawa sigogi: m diamita yi, juya nisa w da tazara s, adadin jũya n, da madugu takardar juriya Rsheet.Hoto 1a yana nuna hoto na siliki-allon buga madauwari inductor tare da n = 12, yana nuna ma'auni na geometric wanda ke ƙayyade inductance. Bisa ga samfurin ammeter na Mohan et al. 35, ana lissafin inductance don jerin inductor geometries, inda
(a) Hoton inductor da aka buga a allon yana nuna ma'auni na geometric. Diamita shine 3 cm. Inductance (b) da kuma juriya na DC (c) na nau'i-nau'i na inductor. (d,e) Matsalolin DC na inductor L1 da L2 an buga su tare da Dupont 5028 da 5064H tawada na azurfa, bi da bi.
A high mita, da fata sakamako da kuma parasitic capacitance zai canza juriya da inductance na inductor bisa ga ta DC darajar.The inductor ana sa ran yin aiki a wani isasshe low mita cewa wadannan effects ne negligible, da kuma na'urar behaves a matsayin m inductance. tare da juriya akai-akai a cikin jerin.Saboda haka, a cikin wannan aikin, mun bincika dangantakar dake tsakanin sigogi na geometric, inductance, da juriya na DC, kuma mun yi amfani da sakamakon don samun nasarar da aka ba tare da ƙananan juriya na DC.
Ana ƙididdige ƙaddamarwa da juriya don jerin sigogi na geometric waɗanda za a iya gane su ta hanyar bugu na allo, kuma ana sa ran za a samar da inductance a cikin kewayon μH. Matsakaicin diamita na 3 da 5 cm, layin layi na 500 da 1000 microns. , kuma ana kwatanta nau'i-nau'i daban-daban. A cikin lissafin, an ɗauka cewa juriya na takarda shine 47 mΩ / □, wanda ya dace da 7 μm lokacin farin ciki Dupont 5028 mai kula da microflake na azurfa wanda aka buga tare da allon raga na 400 da saitin w = s. The Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da ƙimar juriya an nuna su a cikin Hoto 1b da c, bi da bi. Samfurin ya annabta cewa duka inductance da juriya suna karuwa yayin da diamita na waje da adadin juyawa ya karu, ko yayin da fadin layin ya ragu.
Don kimanta daidaiton tsinkayar samfurin, an ƙirƙira inductor na geometries daban-daban da inductances akan ƙaramin polyethylene terephthalate (PET). ƙimar da ake tsammani, yawanci saboda canje-canje a cikin kauri da daidaituwa na tawada da aka ajiye, inductance ya nuna kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da samfurin.
Ana iya amfani da waɗannan sakamakon don tsara inductor tare da inductance da ake buƙata da ƙananan juriya na DC. Alal misali, a ce ana buƙatar 2 μH. na 500 μm, da juyawa 10. Hakanan za'a iya samar da inductance iri ɗaya ta amfani da diamita na waje na 5 cm, faɗin layin 500 μm da 5 juyawa ko 1000 μm layin layi da 7 juyawa (kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi). yiwu geometries a cikin Hoto 1c, ana iya gano cewa mafi ƙarancin juriya na inductor 5 cm tare da layin layi na 1000 μm shine 34 Ω, wanda shine kusan 40% ƙasa da sauran biyun. Tsarin tsari na gaba ɗaya don cimma nasarar da aka ba da ita. tare da ƙaramin juriya an taƙaita shi kamar haka: Na farko, zaɓi matsakaicin diamita na waje da za a iya ba da izini bisa ga iyakokin sararin samaniya da aikace-aikacen ya ƙunsa. Sa'an nan kuma, faɗin layin ya kamata ya zama babba kamar yadda zai yiwu yayin da har yanzu ana samun inductance da ake buƙata don samun babban adadin cikawa. (daidaitacce (3)).
Ta hanyar haɓaka kauri ko yin amfani da kayan aiki tare da haɓaka mafi girma don rage juriya na takarda na fim ɗin ƙarfe, za a iya rage juriya na DC ba tare da rinjayar inductance ba. Biyu inductor, wanda aka ba da sigogi na geometric a cikin Table 1, wanda ake kira L1 da L2. ana ƙera su tare da lambobi daban-daban na sutura don kimanta canji a cikin juriya.Yayin da adadin tawada ya karu, juriya yana raguwa daidai da yadda aka sa ran, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Figures 1d da e, wanda shine inductor L1 da L2, bi da bi. Figures 1d da e nuna cewa ta hanyar yin amfani da 6 yadudduka na sutura, ana iya rage juriya har zuwa sau 6, kuma matsakaicin raguwa a cikin juriya (50-65%) yana faruwa a tsakanin Layer 1 da Layer 2. Tun da kowane Layer na tawada yana da ɗan ƙaramin bakin ciki, a Ana amfani da allon tare da ƙananan ƙananan grid (layi 400 a kowace inch) don buga waɗannan inductor, wanda ke ba mu damar yin nazarin tasirin kauri akan juriya. Muddin fasalin fasalin ya kasance ya fi girma fiye da ƙananan ƙuduri na grid, a irin wannan kauri (da juriya) za a iya samun sauri ta hanyar buga ƙaramin adadin sutura tare da girman girman grid.Wannan hanyar za a iya amfani da ita don cimma daidaitattun juriya na DC kamar inductor mai rufi 6 da aka tattauna a nan, amma tare da saurin samarwa.
Figures 1d da e kuma suna nuna cewa ta hanyar yin amfani da tawada mai tawada DuPont 5064H, ƙarfin juriya yana raguwa da kashi biyu. ganin cewa ƙananan ƙaddamarwar tawada na 5028 shine saboda ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma kasancewar yawancin ɓoyayyi tsakanin barbashi a cikin fim ɗin da aka buga. Silver.Ko da yake fim ɗin da wannan tawada ya yi ya fi sirara fiye da tawada 5028, tare da Layer guda ɗaya na 4 μm da 6 layers na 22 μm, karuwar haɓakawa ya isa don rage juriya gaba ɗaya.
A ƙarshe, ko da yake inductance (equation (1)) ya dogara da adadin juyawa (w + s), juriya (ma'auni (5)) ya dogara ne kawai akan fadin layi w.Saboda haka, ta hanyar haɓaka w dangane da s, juriya za a iya kara ragewa.An tsara ƙarin inductor guda biyu L3 da L4 don samun w = 2s da babban diamita na waje, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Table 1. Wadannan inductor an yi su tare da 6 yadudduka na DuPont 5064H, kamar yadda aka nuna a baya, don samar da mafi girman aiki.The inductance na L3 shine 4.720 ± 0.002 μH kuma juriya shine 4.9 ± 0.1 Ω, yayin da inductance na L4 shine 7.839 ± 0.005 μH da 6.9 ± 0.1 Ω, waɗanda ke cikin kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da samfurin. karuwa a cikin kauri, conductivity, da w/s, wannan yana nufin cewa rabon L/R ya ƙaru da fiye da tsari na girma dangane da ƙimar da ke cikin Hoto 1.
Ko da yake ƙananan juriya na DC yana da alƙawarin, kimantawa dacewa da inductor don kayan aikin lantarki da ke aiki a cikin kewayon kHz-MHz yana buƙatar haɓakawa a mitocin AC. Hoto na 2a yana nuna yawan dogaro da juriya da amsawar L3 da L4.Don mitoci a ƙasa 10 MHz , da juriya ya kasance wajen akai akai a ta DC darajar, yayin da reactance ƙara linearly tare da mita, wanda ke nufin cewa inductance ne m kamar yadda ake sa ran.The kai resonant mita aka bayyana a matsayin mita a wanda impedance canje-canje daga inductive zuwa capacitive, tare da L3 kasancewa 35.6 ± 0.3 MHz da L4 kasancewa 24.3 ± 0.6 MHz. Yawan dogara da mita na ingancin factor Q (daidai da ωL / R) an nuna a cikin Hoto 2b.L3 da L4 sun cimma matsakaicin matsayi na 35 ± 1 da 33 ± 1 a mitoci na 11 da 16 MHz, bi da bi. Inductance na 'yan μH da ƙananan Q a mitoci na MHz sun sa waɗannan inductor su isa su maye gurbin inductor na al'ada a cikin ƙananan wutar lantarki na DC-DC.
Ma'aunin juriya na R da reactance X (a) da ingancin factor Q (b) na inductors L3 da L4 suna da alaƙa da mita.
Don rage girman sawun da ake buƙata don ƙarfin da aka ba, yana da kyau a yi amfani da fasahar capacitor tare da babban ƙayyadaddun ƙarfi, wanda yake daidai da dielectric akai-akai ε raba ta kauri na dielectric. A cikin wannan aikin, mun zaɓi barium titanate composite. a matsayin dielectric saboda yana da epsilon mafi girma fiye da sauran nau'in dielectrics da aka sarrafa bayani.The dielectric Layer an buga shi a tsakanin masu gudanarwa na azurfa guda biyu don samar da tsarin karfe-dielectric-metal. , Ana ƙera su ta amfani da nau'i biyu ko uku na tawada dielectric don kula da kyakkyawan yawan amfanin ƙasa. Hoto na 3b yana nuna nau'in nau'i na SEM micrograph na wakilin capacitor wanda aka yi da nau'i biyu na dielectric, tare da jimlar dielectric dielectric na 21 μm. Ƙwayoyin lantarki na sama da kasa Su ne Layer Layer daya da shida 5064H bi da bi. Barium titanate masu girma dabam suna bayyane a cikin hoton SEM saboda wuraren da suka fi haske suna kewaye da duhun kwayoyin halitta. Dielectric tawada yana jika wutar lantarki da kyau kuma ya samar da kyakkyawar dubawa tare da Fim ɗin ƙarfe da aka buga, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto tare da haɓaka mafi girma.
(a) Hoton capacitor tare da yankuna biyar daban-daban. dielectric yadudduka da wurare daban-daban, wanda aka auna a 1 MHz.(d) Alakar da ke tsakanin karfin, ESR, da asarar hasara na 2.25 cm2 capacitor tare da 2 yadudduka na dielectric coatings da mita.
Capacitance yayi daidai da yankin da ake sa ran. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 3c, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin dielectric guda biyu shine 0.53 nF / cm2, kuma ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun nauyin dielectric uku shine 0.33 nF / cm2. Wadannan dabi'u sun dace da dielectric akai-akai na 13.The Hakanan an auna ma'auni da haɓakawa (DF) a mitoci daban-daban, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 3d, don 2.25 cm2 capacitor tare da yadudduka na dielectric guda biyu. Mun gano cewa ƙarfin yana da ɗan lebur a cikin kewayon mitar sha'awa, yana ƙaruwa da 20% daga 1 zuwa 10 MHz, yayin da a cikin kewayon iri ɗaya, DF ya karu daga 0.013 zuwa 0.023. Tun da abin da ke haifar da lalacewa shine rabon asarar makamashi zuwa makamashi da aka adana a cikin kowane zagayowar AC, DF na 0.02 yana nufin cewa 2% na ikon da aka sarrafa. ta capacitor yana cinyewa.Wannan asarar yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman juriya mai dogaro da mitar daidaitaccen juriya (ESR) wanda aka haɗa a cikin jerin tare da capacitor, wanda yayi daidai da DF/ωC. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 3d, don mitoci fiye da 1 MHz, ESR ya fi ƙasa da 1.5 Ω, kuma ga mitoci mafi girma fiye da 4 MHz, ESR yana ƙasa da 0.5 Ω. Ko da yake yin amfani da wannan fasahar capacitor, μF-class capacitors da ake buƙata don masu canza DC-DC suna buƙatar babban yanki, amma 100 pF- nF capacitance kewayon da low asarar wadannan capacitors sa su dace da sauran aikace-aikace, kamar filters da resonant circuits .Varous hanyoyi za a iya amfani da su kara da capacitance.A mafi girma dielectric akai-akai ƙara da takamaiman capacitance 37; alal misali, ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar ƙara yawan ƙwayar barium titanate a cikin tawada. Za a iya amfani da ƙananan kauri na dielectric, ko da yake wannan yana buƙatar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa tare da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan fiye da nau'in flake na azurfa da aka buga a allo.Thinner, ƙananan roughness capacitor. Ana iya ajiye yadudduka ta hanyar buga tawada 31 ko bugu na gravure 10, wanda za'a iya haɗa shi tare da tsarin bugu na allo. A ƙarshe, ana iya haɗa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙarfe da dielectric da yawa da buga su kuma haɗa su cikin layi ɗaya, ta haka ne ƙara ƙarfin 34 a kowane yanki na yanki. .
Ana amfani da mai rarraba wutar lantarki wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na resistors yawanci don yin ma'aunin ƙarfin lantarki da ake buƙata don sarrafa ra'ayi na mai sarrafa wutar lantarki.Don irin wannan aikace-aikacen, juriya na resistor da aka buga ya kamata ya kasance a cikin kewayon kΩ-MΩ, da bambanci tsakanin na'urorin suna ƙanana. Anan, an gano cewa juriya na takarda na tawada carbon tawada mai launi guda-Layer shine 900 Ω/□. Ana amfani da wannan bayanin don zayyana resistors guda biyu na layi (R1 da R2) da kuma resistor serpentine (R3). ) tare da juriya na ƙima na 10 kΩ, 100 kΩ, da 1.5 MΩ. Ana samun juriya tsakanin ƙimar ƙima ta hanyar buga nau'i biyu ko uku na tawada, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 4, da hotuna na tsayayyar uku. Yi 8- 12 samfurori na kowane nau'i; a duk lokuta, daidaitattun juriya na juriya shine 10% ko žasa. Canjin juriya na samfurori tare da nau'i biyu ko uku na sutura yana kula da zama dan kadan fiye da na samfurori tare da nau'i daya na sutura. kuma yarjejeniya ta kusa tare da ƙimar ƙima tana nuna cewa sauran juriya a cikin wannan kewayon ana iya samun su kai tsaye ta hanyar gyaggyara jumlolin resistor.
Uku daban-daban resistor geometries tare da lambobi daban-daban na carbon resistive ink coatings.An nuna hoton resistors uku a dama.
RLC da'irori sune misalan littattafan karatu na yau da kullun na resistor, inductor, da capacitor da ake amfani da su don nunawa da kuma tabbatar da halayen abubuwan da aka haɗa su cikin da'irar bugu na ainihi. An haɗa 25 kΩ resistor a cikin layi daya tare da su. Hoton na'ura mai sauƙi yana nunawa a cikin Hoto 5a. Dalilin zabar wannan nau'i-nau'i na musamman-daidaitacce shi ne cewa halayensa yana ƙayyade ta kowane nau'i na nau'i na mita uku, don haka Ana iya yin la'akari da 7 Ω jerin juriya na inductor da 1.3 Ω ESR na capacitor, an ƙididdige yawan amsawar da ake tsammani na kewaye. impedance amplitude da lokaci da ma'auni dabi'u ana nuna su a cikin Figures 5c da d.A ƙananan mitoci, babban impedance na capacitor yana nufin cewa hali na kewaye yana ƙaddara ta hanyar 25 kΩ resistor. Kamar yadda mita ya karu, impedance na hanyar LC tana raguwa; Duk yanayin da'irar yana da ƙarfi har sai mitar resonant ta kasance 2.0 MHz. Sama da mitar resonance, inductive impedance ya mamaye.Hoto na 5 a sarari yana nuna kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙididdiga da ƙididdige ƙididdiga a duk faɗin mitar. Wannan yana nufin cewa samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi. Anan (inda inductor da capacitors suka zama ingantattun abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tare da juriya na jeri) daidai ne don tsinkayar halayen da'ira a waɗannan mitoci.
(a) Hoton da'irar RLC da aka buga ta allo wanda ke amfani da jerin haɗin haɗin inductor na 8 μH da 0.8 nF capacitor a layi daya tare da resistor 25 kΩ. ,d) Girman impedance (c) da lokaci (d) na kewaye.
A ƙarshe, ana aiwatar da inductor da resistors da aka buga a cikin mai sarrafa haɓakawa. IC ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan zanga-zangar shine Microchip MCP1640B14, wanda ke da tushen PWM mai haɓaka haɓaka haɓakawa tare da mitar aiki na 500 kHz. An nuna zanen kewayawa a cikin Hoto 6a.A. 4.7 μH inductor da capacitors guda biyu (4.7 μF da 10 μF) ana amfani da su azaman abubuwan ajiyar makamashi, kuma ana amfani da nau'i-nau'i na resistors don auna ƙarfin fitarwa na sarrafawar amsawa. Zaɓi ƙimar juriya don daidaita ƙarfin fitarwa zuwa 5 V. Ana ƙera da'ira akan PCB, kuma ana auna aikinta a cikin juriya na lodi da kewayon ƙarfin shigarwa na 3 zuwa 4 V don daidaita baturin lithium-ion a cikin jihohi daban-daban na caji. Ana kwatanta ingancin inductor da resistors da aka buga tare da ingancin SMT inductors da resistors.SMT capacitors ana amfani da su a duk lokuta saboda ƙarfin da ake buƙata don wannan aikace-aikacen yana da girma da yawa don cikawa tare da bugu na capacitors.
(a) Jadawalin ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki (b-d) (b) Vout, (c) Vsw, da (d) Waveforms na halin yanzu da ke gudana cikin inductor, ƙarfin shigarwar shine 4.0 V, juriya na lodi shine 1 kΩ, kuma ana amfani da inductor da aka buga don aunawa. Ana amfani da resistors da capacitors na saman saman don wannan ma'aunin. ) Matsakaicin ingancin ɗorawa da da'ira da aka nuna a cikin (e).
Don ƙarfin shigarwar 4.0 V da 1000 Ω juriya na nauyin nauyi, ana nuna nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa da aka auna ta amfani da inductor da aka buga a cikin Hoto 6b-d. Hoto 6c yana nuna ƙarfin lantarki a tashar Vsw na IC; Inductor ƙarfin lantarki shine Vin-Vsw.Figure 6d yana nuna halin yanzu yana gudana a cikin inductor. Ana nuna ingancin kewayawa tare da SMT da abubuwan da aka buga a cikin Hoto 6e a matsayin aikin ƙarfin shigarwa da juriya na kaya, kuma Hoto 6f yana nuna ƙimar inganci. na kayan aikin da aka buga zuwa sassan SMT. Ƙimar da aka auna ta amfani da kayan aikin SMT yana kama da ƙimar da aka sa ran da aka ba a cikin takardar bayanan masana'anta 14. A babban shigarwar halin yanzu (ƙananan juriya da ƙananan ƙarfin shigarwa), ingancin inductor da aka buga yana da ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da na SMT inductor saboda babban juriya na juriya. Duk da haka, tare da ƙarfin shigarwa mafi girma da kuma mafi girma na halin yanzu, asarar juriya ya zama ƙasa da mahimmanci, kuma aikin inductor da aka buga ya fara kusanci na SMT. = 4.0 V ko> 750 Ω da Vin = 3.5 V, ingancin inductor da aka buga ya fi 85% na inductor SMT.
Kwatanta yanayin motsi na yanzu a cikin Hoto 6d tare da asarar wutar lantarki da aka auna yana nuna cewa asarar juriya a cikin inductor shine babban dalilin da ya haifar da bambanci tsakanin da'irar da aka buga da kuma tsarin SMT, kamar yadda aka sa ran. ƙarfin shigarwa da ƙarfin juriya na 1000 Ω shine 30.4mW da 25.8mW don kewayawa tare da abubuwan SMT, da 33.1 mW da 25.2 mW don kewayawa tare da abubuwan da aka buga.Saboda haka, asarar da'irar da aka buga shine 7.9 mW, wanda shine 3.4mW mafi girma fiye da da'ira tare da abubuwan SMT.RMS inductor na yanzu da aka ƙididdige shi daga sigar igiyar ruwa a hoto na 6d shine 25.6 mA. Tun da jerin juriya na 4.9 Ω, asarar wutar da ake tsammani shine 3.2 mW. Wannan shine 96% na bambancin wutar lantarki na 3.4 mW DC. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙera da'irar tare da inductor da aka buga da kuma buga resistors da buga inductor da SMT resistors, kuma ba a lura da wani gagarumin bambanci tsakanin su ba.
Sannan ana ƙirƙira mai sarrafa wutar lantarki akan PCB mai sassauƙa (ana nuna bugu na kewaye da aikin ɓangaren SMT a Ƙarin Hoto S1) kuma an haɗa tsakanin baturin lithium-ion mai sassauƙa azaman tushen wutar lantarki da tsararrun OLED azaman kaya. A cewar Lochner et al. 9 Don kera OLEDs, kowane OLED pixel yana cinye 0.6 mA a 5 V.Batir yana amfani da lithium cobalt oxide da graphite a matsayin cathode da anode, bi da bi, kuma an kera shi ta hanyar shafa ruwan ruwa na likita, wanda shine mafi yawan hanyoyin buga baturi. ƙarfin baturi shine 16mAh, kuma ƙarfin wutar lantarki a lokacin gwajin shine 4.0V. Hoto na 7 yana nuna hoton da'irar akan PCB mai sassauci, yana ba da wutar lantarki uku OLED pixels da aka haɗa a layi daya.The zanga-zangar ya nuna yuwuwar abubuwan haɗin wutar lantarki da za a haɗa tare da sauran. na'urori masu sassauƙa da na halitta don samar da ƙarin hadaddun tsarin lantarki.
Hoton da'irar wutar lantarki akan PCB mai sassauƙa ta yin amfani da bugu na inductor da resistors, ta amfani da batura masu sassauƙa na lithium-ion don kunna LEDs na halitta guda uku.
Mun nuna allon buga inductors, capacitors da resistors tare da kewayon dabi'u a kan m PET substrates, tare da manufar maye gurbin surface Dutsen aka gyara a ikon lantarki kayan aiki.Mun nuna cewa ta hanyar zayyana karkace tare da babban diamita, ciko kudi. , da layin nisa-sarari mai nisa, da kuma ta yin amfani da kauri mai kauri na tawada mai ƙarancin juriya.Waɗannan abubuwan an haɗa su cikin da'irar RLC mai cikakken bugu da sassauƙa kuma suna nuna halayen lantarki da ake iya faɗi a cikin kewayon mitar kHz-MHz, wanda shine mafi girma. sha'awar wutar lantarki.
Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su don na'urorin lantarki da aka buga suna sawa ko haɗaɗɗen samfuri masu sassaucin ra'ayi na lantarki, masu ƙarfi ta hanyar batura masu sauƙin caji (kamar lithium-ion), waɗanda zasu iya haifar da madaidaicin ƙarfin lantarki gwargwadon yanayin caji.Idan kaya (ciki har da bugu da bugu da ƙari). Organic Electronic kayan aiki) yana buƙatar ƙarfin lantarki akai-akai ko mafi girma fiye da fitarwar wutar lantarki ta baturi, ana buƙatar mai sarrafa wutar lantarki.Saboda haka, inductor da resistors da aka buga suna haɗawa tare da silicon ICs na gargajiya a cikin mai sarrafa haɓaka don ƙarfafa OLED tare da wutar lantarki akai-akai. na 5 V daga madaidaicin wutar lantarki na baturi mai mahimmanci.A cikin wani nau'i na nauyin nauyin nauyin halin yanzu da kuma shigar da wutar lantarki, ingancin wannan kewayawa ya wuce 85% na ingantaccen tsarin sarrafawa ta amfani da inductor mount da resistors.Duk da kayan aiki da haɓakawa na geometric, Resisive asarar a cikin inductor har yanzu yana da iyakacin iyaka don aikin kewayawa a manyan matakan da ake ciki (shigarwar halin yanzu fiye da kimanin 10 mA) .Duk da haka, a ƙananan igiyoyin ruwa, asarar da ke cikin inductor yana raguwa, kuma aikin gaba ɗaya yana iyakance ta yadda ya dace. na IC.Tun da yawancin na'urori da aka buga da na'urori suna buƙatar ƙananan ƙananan igiyoyi, irin su ƙananan OLEDs da aka yi amfani da su a cikin zanga-zangar mu, ana iya la'akari da inductors masu amfani da wutar lantarki wanda ya dace da irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen. mafi girma overall Converter yadda ya dace za a iya cimma.
A cikin wannan aikin, an gina mai sarrafa wutar lantarki akan PCB na gargajiya, PCB mai sassauƙa da fasaha na kayan ɗorewa, yayin da aka kera ɓangaren da aka buga akan wani nau'in substrate.Duk da haka, ƙananan zafin jiki da inks mai ƙarfi da aka yi amfani da su don samar da allo- Fina-finan da aka buga ya kamata su ba da damar abubuwan da ba su dace ba, da kuma haɗin kai tsakanin na'urar da kayan haɗin ginin da aka yi amfani da su, da za a buga su a kan kowane nau'i. Da'irar da za a gina gabaɗaya a kan ma'auni masu tsada (kamar PET) ba tare da buƙatar matakai masu rahusa kamar PCB etching ba.Saboda haka, kayan aikin da aka buga a allon da aka ƙera a cikin wannan aikin yana taimakawa wajen samar da tsarin lantarki mai sauƙi wanda ke haɗa makamashi da lodi. tare da high-yi ikon lantarki, ta yin amfani da m substrates, yafi ƙari tafiyar matakai da kadan Yawan surface Dutsen aka gyara.
Yin amfani da firintar allo na Asys ASP01M da allon bakin karfe wanda Dynamesh Inc ya samar, duk yadudduka na abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su ba an buga su a kan madaidaicin ma'aunin PET tare da kauri na μm 76. Girman raga na layin karfe shine layin 400 a kowace inch da 250 Lines da inch ga dielectric Layer da juriya Layer. Yi amfani da squeegee karfi na 55 N, wani bugu gudun 60 mm / s, a karya nisa na 1.5 mm, da Serilor squeegee tare da taurin 65 (ga karfe da resistive). yadudduka) ko 75 (don dielectric yadudduka) don buga allo.
A conductive yadudduka-inductor da lambobin sadarwa na capacitors da resistors-ana buga tare da DuPont 5082 ko DuPont 5064H azurfa microflake tawada.The resistor da aka buga tare da DuPont 7082 carbon conductor.Ga capacitor dielectric, conductive fili BT-101 barium titanate dielectric dielectric dielectric. Ana amfani da kowane nau'i na dielectric ta amfani da nau'i mai nau'i biyu (rigar-rigar) bugu na bugu don inganta daidaituwa na fim din. Ga kowane bangare, an yi nazarin tasirin tasirin bugu da yawa akan aikin kayan aiki da sauye-sauye. An bushe nau'i-nau'i masu yawa na kayan abu guda ɗaya a 70 ° C na minti 2 tsakanin suturar. Bayan yin amfani da gashin gashi na ƙarshe na kowane abu, an yi amfani da samfurori a 140 ° C na minti 10 don tabbatar da bushewa cikakke. Ayyukan daidaitawa ta atomatik na allon. Ana amfani da firinta don daidaita yadudduka na gaba. Ana samun hulɗa tare da tsakiyar inductor ta hanyar yanke rami ta tsakiya a cikin kushin tsakiya da stencil bugu a bayan substrate tare da tawada DuPont 5064H. Haɗin kai tsakanin kayan bugawa kuma yana amfani da Dupont 5064H stencil printing.Don nuna abubuwan da aka buga da kuma abubuwan SMT akan PCB mai sassauci wanda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 7, abubuwan da aka buga suna haɗa ta hanyar Circuit Works CW2400 epoxy conductive, kuma ana haɗa abubuwan SMT ta hanyar siyarwar gargajiya.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) da graphite tushen lantarki ana amfani da su azaman cathode da anode na baturi, bi da bi.The cathode slurry shine cakuda 80% LCO (MTI Corp.), 7.5% graphite (KS6, Timcal), 2.5 % carbon baki (Super P, Timcal) da 10% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Kureha Corp.). ) A anode ne cakuda 84wt% graphite, 4wt% carbon baki da kuma 13wt% PVDF.N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Sigma Aldrich) ake amfani da su narkar da PVDF daure da watsar da slurry.The slurry aka homogenized ta yana motsawa tare da mahaɗin vortex na dare.A 0.0005 inch lokacin farin ciki bakin karfe tsare da 10 μm nickel foil ana amfani dashi azaman masu tarawa na yanzu don cathode da anode, bi da bi.An buga tawada akan mai tarawa na yanzu tare da squeegee a saurin bugu na 20 mm / s. Zazzage wutar lantarki a cikin tanda a 80 ° C na tsawon sa'o'i 2 don cire sauran ƙarfi. Tsawon wutar lantarki bayan bushewa yana da kusan 60 μm, kuma dangane da nauyin kayan aiki mai aiki, ƙarfin ka'idar shine 1.65 mAh. / cm2. An yanke igiyoyin lantarki zuwa girman 1.3 × 1.3 cm2 kuma suna mai tsanani a cikin tanda mai zafi a 140 ° C na dare, sa'an nan kuma an rufe su da jakunkuna na laminate na aluminum a cikin akwatin safar hannu mai cike da nitrogen. Magani na polypropylene tushe fim tare da anode da cathode da 1M LiPF6 a cikin EC/DEC (1:1) ana amfani da su azaman electrolyte baturi.
Green OLED ya ƙunshi poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-n- (4-butylphenyl) -diphenylamine) (TFB) da poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7- (2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) 4, 8-diyl)) (F8BT) bisa ga tsarin da aka tsara a cikin Lochner et al.
Yi amfani da Dektak stylus profiler don auna kauri na fim. An yanke fim ɗin don shirya samfurin giciye don bincike ta hanyar bincikar microscopy na lantarki (SEM). Ana amfani da FEI Quanta 3D filin watsin (FEG) SEM don kwatanta tsarin da aka buga. fim kuma tabbatar da ma'aunin kauri. An gudanar da binciken SEM a wani ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki na 20 keV da kuma nisa na yau da kullum na 10 mm.
Yi amfani da multimeter na dijital don auna juriya na DC, ƙarfin lantarki da halin yanzu. Ana auna ƙarfin AC na inductors, capacitors da da'irori ta amfani da Agilent E4980 LCR mita don mitoci da ke ƙasa 1 MHz da Agilent E5061A cibiyar sadarwa analyzer ana amfani dashi don auna mitoci sama da 500 kHz.Yi amfani da Tektronix TDS 5034 oscilloscope don auna yanayin raƙuman wutar lantarki.
Yadda za a buga wannan labarin: Ostfeld, AE, da dai sauransu.Screen bugu m sassa don m ikon lantarki kayan aiki.science.Rep. 5, 15959; doi: 10.1038/srep15959 (2015).
Nathan, A. et al. Canje-canje na lantarki: dandamali na gaba na gaba.Tsarin IEEE 100, 1486-1517 (2012).
Rabaey, JM Human Intranet: Wurin da ƙungiyoyi ke saduwa da ɗan adam.Takarda da aka buga a taron Turai na 2015 da nunin ƙira, Automation da Gwaji, Grenoble, France.San Jose, California: EDA Alliance.637-640 (2015, Maris 9- 13).
Krebs, FC da sauransu.OE-A OPV mai zanga-zangar anno domini 2011.Energy muhalli.kimiyya.4, 4116-4123 (2011).
Ali, M., Prakash, D., Zillger, T., Singh, PK & Hübler, AC bugu piezoelectric makamashi girbi na'urorin.Ingantattun makamashi kayan.4. 1300427 (2014).
Chen, A., Madan, D., Wright, PK & Evans. Micromechanics Microengineering 21, 104006 (2011).
Gaikwad, AM, Steingart, DA, Ng, TN, Schwartz, DE & Whiting, GL Batir mai ɗorewa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da ake amfani da shi don sarrafa na'urorin lantarki da aka buga.App Physics Wright.102, 233302 (2013).
Gaikwad, AM, Arias, AC & Steingart, DA Sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin batura masu sassauƙan bugu: ƙalubalen injina, fasahar bugu da buri na gaba.Fasahar makamashi.3, ​​305-328 (2015).
Hu, Y. da dai sauransu Babban tsarin ji mai girma wanda ya haɗu da manyan na'urorin lantarki da CMOS ICs don kula da lafiyar tsarin tsarin.IEEE J. Solid State Circuit 49, 513-523 (2014).